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louis vuitton outlet  "That should change how we invest ourmoney, how we manage, what we do. Instead of blindly protecting all species wecould go after those really important ones," he said. "What thisarticle highlights are some new discoveries that the loss of predators or theloss of large herbivores can lead to wholesale transformation of ecosystems andthe way they function," said Oswald Schmitz of Yale University, who wasalso not a part of the new study, published today in the journal Science."That's a paradigm-changing way to look at things."  At the sametime "Predators are disproportionately vulnerable to human impacts becausethey need large spaces," he said. "We're in a quandary right nowbecause we're making all these new scientific discoveries about predators, andat the same time we're losing them faster than many other species."

A team of about 20 leading ecologistsgathered examples from land and sea worldwide to make their point. Here aresome of the examples. In Yellowstone National Park, where wolves'delisting as an endangered species remains a contested issue, researchersfound that in the absence of wolves, elk increase in number and begin to grazewithout fear of predation, damaging the shores of streams and changing theircourses.They prevent aspen and willow seedlings from taking hold and reduce theshady habitat needed for stream fish to thrive. Reintroducing wolves hasbrought back young aspen and allowed willow saplings to take hold along streambeds in the park, which provides habitat for beavers, songbirds and fish.

  cheaplouis vuitton Meanwhile, in the Pacific Ocean, sea otters allow kelpforests and the mussels and fish that live nearby to thrive by keeping seaurchins from overgrazing the kelp.In an example from Africa, the researcherspoint to rinderpest, a viral disease also known as "cattle plague,"which decimated populations of wildebeest and buffalo. Without these largeherbivores, vegetation overgrew the area, turning grasslands into shrublandsand leading to more frequent, more intense wildfires. An extensive controlprogram eradicated rinderpest from East Africa in the 1960s, and wildebeestlevels returned to what is thought were their earlier levels by the 1980s,changing the landscape back and decreasing fires again.Also in Africa, the lossof lions and leopards has boosted populations of olive baboons who then come ingreater contact with humans, seeking food. This increased contact has led toincreases in intestinal parasites in both the baboons and the people livingnear them.